Interacţiuni "Est-Vest" reflectate în culturile eneolitice şi ale epocii bronzului din zona de Nord-Vest a Mării Negre (schiţă cultural-istorică)

  • Subiect: Once the basics of a manufacturing economy has been established in the region between the Caspian and Black seas, the world of steppe cultures became one of the main factors determining the situation in the Carpathian-Dniester zone. The level and the forms of influence of this factor were far from being always homogeneous, varying from lively contacts to periods of mutual estrangement, from direct influence on agricultural centres to an active adoption of agricultural standards in the culture. In the second case this influence was rather mediated, as the introduction of elements of agricultural communities into the steppe environment resulted inevitably in the loss of cultural potential of the latter and so, it influenced in one or another way the situation in the agricultural area. The beginning of the contacts between cultures of the Carpathian-Dniester region (Precucuteni-Tripolye A, Bolgrad-Aldeni) and cultural formations of the steppe zone (cultures of Mariupol circle) have been noted in early eneolithic. But at that time they had been neither permanent nor deep evidently. Perhaps it may be explained by a fundamental difference between their economic models that impeded the rapprochement between these cultural blocks. The situation changed rather suddenly at the following stage (Cucuteni A - Tripolye B1), when a new form of manufacturing economy appeared in the East, in the Khvalyni-Mid-Stog community, that was oriented mainly towards cattle-breeding type of economy. It has then resulted in equalizing the stage levels of the two cultural systems that of course would stimulate the development of mutual links. It is significant that at this period the steppe elements had been penetrating intensively Carpathian-Dniester region on the one hand, and an active advancement of agricultural traditions towards the Eastern direction, on the other hand. Development of the cultural exchange certainly could not help affecting the look of interacting cultural formations. Certain innovations had appeared in the Tripolye culture, but the steppe cultures zone was subject to particular changes, where such syncretic formations as Nijniaya Mikhaylovka, Tchemavoda I had arisen under influence of agricultural formations. As a matter of fact it means that the major role in the realization of cultural contacts belonged mainly to agricultural cultures possessing advanced achievements of the Balkan and Aegean-Mediterranean civilizations. It was particularly appreciable during the epoch of the late eneolithic (Tripolye C2-U2), when the Tripolye standards had been massively penetrating the steppe area. A suite of local groups combining in their structures the steppe features as well as the features of Tripolye and Maykop and Novosvobodnaya was spreading on a large area from Carpathians in the West to the lower Don in the East. This powerful integration process had transformed the Azov and Black sea steppes into a periphery of the agricultural oikoumene and had partly determined the fate of the Tripolye culture. The evolutionary period of its development had ended and it was followed by an impetuous transformation of its main components which changed fundamentally the look of the culture. Having lost its capability for maintaining formerly unshakable canons and reacting keenly to any external impulses, the Tripolye culture was no more able to withstand the external influence and so it was subject to total disappearance. The final destruction of the Tripolye massif during the transition period towards the early age of bronze coincided with a purposeful advancement of the "Yamnaya" culture towards the West, which instilled actively the steppe factor into the Carpathian-Dniester cultural context. Since this moment and up to the beginning of the later age of bronze, the steppe world had been permanently remaining one of the major sources of cultural transformations. The agricultural traditions had sometimes succeeded in restoring their former positions and it may be observed, for instance, on materials of the Budjak and the Edinetsi groups. At the same time the steppe standards were immutably keeping an important role in the region, assuring a relatively smooth adoption of later Eastern impulses at first as the catacomb culture and then - as the multi-bolster ceramic culture. When the latter had been established in the Carpathian-Dniester region, a rather interesting situation arisen then, as the region was split into two sharply different cultural zones. The area between Carpathians and Prut river was ta ken by the Monteoru culture, which had been generated by the evolution of the Carpathians and Danube cultural circle, while the territory to the East from Prut was in the area of the most Western branch of the multi-bolster ceramic culture. Nevertheless, such close neighborhood had not affected the originality of the two cultures. Perhaps, this is the evidence of a certain balance of power, when the multi-bolster ceramic culture, supported by the powerful cultural genesis of Volga-Urals hearth in general hadn't needed any important borrowings. At the same state, evidently was the Monteoru culture, based on the achievements of the not less powerful Crete-Mycenae civilization. A practical simultaneous fading of the Volga-Urals hearth and the collapse of the Crete and Mycenae civilizations had generated a quite particular situation in the Carpathian-Dniester region. The loss of the old cultural references points had forced the transition from the cultural opposition to close cooperation. This resulted in the formation of an original cultural phenomenon, called Noua-Sabatinovka-Coslogeni block, incorporating elements of the steppe as well as of the Carpathian-Danube origin.
  • Limba de redactare: română, engleză
  • Secţiunea: Studii şi materiale arheologice
  • Vezi publicația: Memoria Antiquitatis: MemAntiq
  • Editura: Complexul Muzean Judeţean Neamţ
  • Loc publicare: Piatra Neamţ
  • Anul publicaţiei: 1994
  • Referinţă bibliografică pentru nr. revistă: XIX; anul 1994; subtitlu: Acta Musei Petrodavensis
  • Paginaţia: 143-192
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